Civil+liberties+Numero+Dos

Landmark Cases

 * //Gitlow v. New York//** **(1925)** Supreme Court says the First Amendment applies to the states.


 * //Palko v. Connecticut//** **(1937)** Supreme Court says that states must observe all "fundamental" liberties.


 * //Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire//** **(1942)** "Fighting words" are not protected by the First Amendment.


 * //Collin v. Smith//** **(1978)** The Nazi Party may march through a largely Jewish neighborhood.


 * //McConnell v. Federal Election Commission//** **(2003)** Upholds 2002 campaign finance reform law.


 * //Miller v. California//** **(1973)** Obscenity defined as appealing to prurient interests of an average person with materials that lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.


 * //New York Times v. Sullivan//** **(1964)** To libel a public figure, there must be "actual malice."


 * //Reno v. ACLU//** **(1997)** A law that bans sending "indecent" material to minors over the Internet is unconstitutional because "indecent" is too vague and broad of a term.


 * //Schenck v. United States//** **(1919)** Speech may be punished if it creates a clear-and-present-danger test of illegal acts.


 * //Texas v. Johnson//** **(1989)** There may not be a law to ban flag-burning.


 * //Engel v. Vitale//** **(1962)** There may not be a prayer, even a nondenominational one, in public schools.


 * //Everson v. Board of Education//** **(1947)** The wall-of-separation principle is announced. __**KNOW THE WALL OF SEPARATION PRINCIPLE**__


 * //Lee v. Weisman//** **(1992)** Public schools may not have clergy lead prayers at graduation ceremonies.


 * //Lemon v. Kurtzman//****, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)** Three tests are described for deciding whether the government is improperly involved with religion. **__WHAT DOES THE LEMON TEST SAY???? VERY IMPORTANT__**


 * //Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe//** **(2000)** Students may not lead prayers before the start of a football game at a public school.


 * //Zelman v. Simmons-Harris//****, 536 U.S. 639 (2000)** Voucher plan to pay school bills is upheld.


 * //Zorauch v. Clauson//** **(1952)** States may allow students to be released from public schools to attend religious instruction.


 * //Dickerson v. United States//** **(2000)** The //Mapp// decision is based on the Constitution and it cannot be altered by Congress passing a law.


 * //Gideon v. Wainwright//** **(1964)** Persons charged with a crime have a right to an attorney even if they cannot afford one.


 * //Mapp v. Ohio//** **(1961)** Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial.


 * //Miranda v. Arizona//****, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)** Court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons. **__KNOW THIS ONE!__**


 * //Rasul v. Bush//****, 03-334 (2004)** Terrorist detainees must have access to a neutral court to decide if they are legally held.


 * //United States v. Leon//** **(1984)** Illegally obtained evidence may be used in a trial if it was gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the //Mapp// decision.