Court+cases


 * __Civil Rights__**
 * Important Court Cases**

African American's Rights

3. **NAACP** (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People formed in 1909) kept pushing for rights, and eventually a long series of court cases between 1938-1948 started this movement
 * -Separate but Equal:**
 * 1) In 1896, it was decided in the Plessy v. Ferguson case (regarding whites and blacks being separate on trains) that "separate but equal" was constitutional.
 * 2) This doctrine was later implemented into the school systems
 * 3) **Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education:** Closing black high school while keeping white school open not violating 14th amendment "blacks could always go to private school"
 * 1) **Gaines v. Canada**: Lloyd Gains was denied access to a white law school due to being black. The Court decided that he had to be admitted since there weren't any black schools of equal quality in the state.
 * 2) **Sweatt v. Painter:** Heman Sweatt, a black man, was originally denied acceptance at a law school in Texas. At this point, no law schools in Texas accepted black students. Sweatt was eventually allowed to attend the law school, however he was segregated to a separate part of the school.
 * 3) **George McLaurin:** Another Afriance American man was allowed to study for his Ph.D in a "colored section" of an all-white school (university of Oklahoma). This was deemed unconstitutional because by segregating George it took away his access of many resources including the libraries, professors, and other students creating unequal educational opportunities for the black man.
 * 4) **Brown v. Board of Education:** An African American girl, Linda Brown, wanted to attend school in her neighborhood, however she could not because it was deemed exclusively for whites. When the NAACP took her to court to fight this case, the federal district court of Kansas decided that the black school she could attend was of equal quality, and therefore was denied admittance to the white school. Eventually, on May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court decided that "separate but equal" was no longer true because "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal".
 * 5) **Implementation:** Brown v. Board made it possible for all black children to start attending white schools, in theory ending segregation. Obviously however, it was much more difficult than this, and often times National Guard and army troopers had to escort black students into their schools to protect them from harm.

1. The women's rights movement differed from the African American one, because often times the laws restricting women were trying to protect them. 2. By 1920 the 19th amendment made it clear that no state can deny the right to vote based on gender. 3. Once World War II hit, women were desperately needed in the workforce. 4. Congress started passing laws that required equal pay for equal work. 5. Supreme Court started interpreting the 14th amendment as "prohibiting any person the equal protection of laws". 6. It was decided that any laws treating men and women different must be "reasonable", this affected an Idaho statute in which men are preferred over women in terms of choosing people to administer the estates of deceased children. 7. Eventually the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed which prohibited sex discrimination in hiring, firing, and compensation. 8. **Rostker v. Goldberg (1981)** decided that Congress can draft men without drafting women 9. Later, the Civil Rights Act of 1972 was passed which banned sex discrimination in local education programs receiving federal aid. 1. **United States v. Virginia (1996):** State may not finance an all-male military school.
 * Women's Rights**
 * 1) **Muller v. Oregon:** (1908) Supreme Court upheld an Oregon law stating that female laundry workers can only work a ten-hour work day to protect them from harm.
 * 1. Reed v. Reed (1971):** Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution