Equal+Protection+of+the+Laws+-

Brown v. Board of Education overturned past precedent case of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 by declaring that state laws that which established “separate but equal” for African American students denied them equal educational opportunities. The Supreme Court ruled with a unanimous (9-0) decision, that separate schools were not equal and as a result, the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment was created. This was just the beginning of the civil rights movement.

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Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial and politically significant cases in U.S. Supreme Court history. With a 7-2 vote, abortion was deemed a fundamental right under the United States Constitution and specifically 9th Amendment, right to privacy. As a result of this case, Texas abortion laws were declared unconstitutional. The primary declaration of Roe v. Wade was that abortions are acceptable for any reason a woman chooses, up until the "point at which the fetus becomes ‘viable,’ that is, potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid. Viability is usually placed at about seven months (28 weeks) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks." The Court also stated that abortions are permissible when the mother’s health is compromised or in danger, which the Court defined in the companion case of Doe v. Bolton. These court rulings affected laws in 46 states.